Meta-analysis of brucellosis vaccinology in natural hosts / Meta-análise da vacinologia de brucelose em hospedeiros naturais

Brucellosis is a relevant zoonotic disease for which the most important tool for control is vaccination of susceptible animals. Assessment of vaccine efficacy in natural hosts is based on prevention of abortion and Brucella infection in organs of immunized animals. A meta-analysis of experimental vaccination of Brucella spp. natural hosts was performed, including 45 PubMed and/or Scopus-indexed publications, representing 116 individual experiments. Difference of risk was calculated as an indicator of protection, and a temporal analysis (1980-2016) demonstrated that experimental vaccines tested on natural hosts provided levels of protection that were stable over the past decades. The meta-regression model developed in this study included different vaccine categories (attenuated, inactivated, mutant, subunit, and vectored) considering the difference of risk as the dependent variable. The subcutaneous route of vaccination provided better protection when compared to the intramuscular and oral routes of vaccination. Surprisingly, inactivated vaccines provided better protection than live naturally attenuated vaccine strains (spontaneous mutations) that were considered the reference, whereas subunit vaccines provided lower levels of protection. This is the first meta-analysis of Brucella vaccinology in the natural hosts. These results are useful for the development of new vaccination protocols for controlling animal brucellosis.(AU)

Brucelose é uma doença zoonótica relevante, para a qual a vacinação de animais susceptíveis é a ferramenta mais importante de controle. Avaliação da eficácia vacinal em hospedeiros naturais é baseada na prevenção de aborto e da colonização de órgãos pela Brucella spp. em animais imunizados. Foi realizada meta-análise de estudos de vacinação experimental de Brucella spp. em hospedeiros naturais, incluindo 45 publicações indexadas pela PubMed e/ou Scopus, representando 116 experimentos individuais. Diferença de risco foi calculada como indicador de proteção e uma análise temporal (1980-2016) demonstrou que vacinas experimentais testadas em hospedeiros naturais promoveram níveis de proteção que foram estáveis ao longo das últimas décadas. O modelo de meta-regressão desenvolvido neste estudo incluiu diferentes categorias de vacinas (atenuada, inativada, mutante, subunidade e vetorial) considerando a diferença de risco como variável dependente. A via de vacinação subcutânea promoveu melhor proteção quando comparada às vias intramuscular e oral. Surpreendentemente, vacinas inativadas promoveram melhor proteção que vacinas vivas atenuadas (com mutações espontâneas) que foram consideradas como referência, enquanto vacinas de subunidades promoveram menor proteção. Este é o primeiro estudo de meta-análise da vacinologia de Brucella em hospedeiros naturais. Estes resultados são úteis para o desenvolvimento de novos protocolos vacinais para controle de brucelose animal.(AU)

Pathogenic potential of Brucella ovis field isolates with different genotypic profile and protection provided by the vaccine strain B. ovis ΔabcBA against B. ovis field isolates in mice / Vacina viva atenuada Brucella ovis Δ abcBA encapsulada protege camundongos frente a desafios de B. ovis isoladas de campo

Brucella ovis causes economic and reproductive losses in sheep herds. The goal of this study was to characterize infection with B. ovis field isolates in a murine model, and to evaluate protection induced by the candidate vaccine strain B. ovis ΔabcBA in mice challenged with these field isolates. B. ovis field strains were able to colonize and cause lesions in the liver and spleen of infected mice. After an initial screening, two strains were selected for further characterization (B. ovis 94 AV and B. ovis 266 L). Both strains had in vitro growth kinetics that was similar to that of the reference strain B. ovis ATCC 25840. Vaccination with B. ovis ΔabcBA encapsulated with 1% alginate was protective against the challenge with field strains, with the following protection indexes: 0.751, 1.736, and 2.746, for mice challenged with B. ovis ATCC25840, B. ovis 94 AV, and B. ovis 266 L, respectively. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that B. ovis field strains were capable of infecting and inducing lesions in experimentally infected mice. The attenuated vaccine strain B. ovis ΔabcBA induced protection in mice challenged with different B. ovis field isolates, resulting in higher protection indexes against more pathogenic strains.(AU)

Brucella ovis é responsável por perdas econômicas e reprodutivas em rebanhos ovinos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a infecção com as cepas isoladas de campo de B. ovis em modelo murino e avaliar a eficiência vacinal da mutante B. ovis ΔabcAB para proteção contra desafio com as cepas isoladas de campo. Foram utilizadas sete cepas isoladas de campo foram capazes de colonizar e provocar lesões no fígado e no baço de camundongos após sete dias pós-infecção. Após triagem, duas cepas foram selecionadas para a melhor caracterização (B. ovis 94 AV and B. ovis 266L). Ambas apresentaram crescimento em placa de cultivo semelhante ao da cepa de referência B. ovis ATCC 25840. A vacinação com a cepa de Brucella ovis ΔabcBA encapsulada com alginato a 1% foi capaz de proteger camundongos desafiados com as cepas isoladas de campo, com os seguintes índices de proteção: 0,751, 1,736 e 2,746, para camundongos desafiados com B. ovis ATCC 25840, B. ovis 94 AV e B. ovis 266 L, respectivamente. Estes resultados demonstraram que as cepas isoladas de campo de B. ovis são capazes de infectar e induzir lesão em camundongos experimentalmente infectados. O uso da cepa mutante atenuada B. ovis ΔabcBA para vacinação de fêmeas C57BL/6 desafiados com diferentes cepas de B. ovis induziu proteção nos camundongos desafiados com diferentes cepas de B. ovis. Deste modo, mostrando-se eficiente na proteção das cepas de campo de B. ovis.(AU)

Zoonosis and veterinary waste disposal in rural practice / Zoonosis y disposición de desperdicios veterinarios en la práctica rural

The objectives of this study were to estimate: (a) the frequency of zoonoses in large animal veterinarians from rural areas of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, and (b) to describe the use and disposal of personal protective equipment (PPE) and selective veterinary clinical waste. A cross-sectional study was carried out on large animal veterinary practitioners in the Province of Buenos Aires (n = 106). One third (29.2%) of them had been diagnosed with a zoonosis by laboratory-methods, being brucellosis the most frequent (22.6%). The more years passed since their graduation, the greater the chances of becoming ill (p < 0.001). Gloves were the most adopted PPE; however, other elements had little or no use at all. Older and experienced professionals used PPE less frequently than young inexperienced practitioners. Some PPE was frequently reused and the final disposal of veterinary waste was often inappropriate. A change in behavior is an urgent need to preserve not only the veterinarians' health but also their families' wellbeing and to ensure proper disposal of potentially hazardous waste.

Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron los siguientes: a) estimar la frecuencia de zoonosis en veterinarios de grandes animales que desarrollan su labor en la provincia de Buenos Aires; b) describir el uso y la disposición de los elementos de protección personal (EPP) y otros residuos generados durante el trabajo de estos veterinarios. Para ello se realizó un estudio transversal en una muestra de 106 profesionales. En un tercio de ellos (29,2%) se había sido diagnosticado por métodos de laboratorio alguna zoonosis; la brucelosis fue la más frecuente (22,6%). Se encontró que a mayor tiempo transcurrido desde la graduación, mayor era la probabilidad de enfermarse (p< 0,001). Sobre la base de las respuestas obtenidas en cuestionarios estructurados, se determinó lo siguiente: que los guantes fueron el EPP más adoptado, mientras que otros elementos tuvieron escasa o nula adopción; que los profesionales de mayor edad y experiencia usaron EPP con menos frecuencia que los practicantes más jóvenes e inexpertos; y que algunos EPP se reutilizaban con frecuencia y que la eliminación final de los desechos veterinarios fue a menudo inapropiada. Considerando estos hallazgos, es claro que se requiere un cambio de comportamiento para preservar no solo la salud de los veterinarios, sino también para asegurar el bienestar de sus familias y garantizar la eliminación adecuada de los residuos potencialmente peligrosos.

Conocimiento, prácticas de prevención y bioseguridad sobre Brucelosis en trabajadores de hatos lecheros de Caaguazú-Paraguay / Knowledge, prevention and biosecurity practices about Brucellosis of workers exposed to risk of dairy data of Caaguazú-Paraguay

Introducción: La Brucelosis es una zoonosis común y en muchos países es un problema sanitario prevalente. En Paraguay no se ha encontrado evidencia de los conocimientos que tienen los trabajadores de hatos lecheros y las prácticas preventivas que utilizan. Objetivo: Evaluar el conocimiento, las prácticas de prevención y de bioseguridad sobre Brucelosis de los trabajadores expuestos a riesgo en hatos lecheros del departamento de Caaguazú, Paraguay. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal, en una muestra representativa de establecimientos ganaderos del Departamento de Caaguazú. De mayo a junio de 2017 se entrevistó a 720 trabajadores de 360 hatos lecheros, utilizando un cuestionario estructurado, con preguntas cerradas. Se obtuvo información de los conocimientos, prácticas de prevención y bioseguridad sobre Brucelosis. Resultados: La mediana de edad de los trabajadores fue 34 años, 70% eran hombres. El 11,7% era analfabeto y 62,1% solo culminó la primaria. El 90% se desempeñaba como tambero/ordeñador. El 64% manifestó que no conocía la enfermedad, 73,6% ignoraba la forma en que se adquiere la enfermedad, 71,5% nunca recibió información acerca de la Brucelosis. El 73,3% no tenía conocimientos de las prácticas preventivas. Todos consumían subproductos lácteos sin pasteurizar, principalmente queso paraguay Conclusión: Existe desconocimiento de la enfermedad y la forma de transmisión. Las prácticas de riesgo son frecuentes. Es necesario implementar programas de educación y concienciación sobre la Brucelosis. Palabras clave: Brucelosis; conocimientos; prácticas de prevención; medidas de bioseguridad; humanos.

Background: Brucellosis is a common zoonosis and in many countries it is a prevalent health problem. In Paraguay, no evidence has been found of the knowledge that dairy herd workers have and the preventive practices they use. Objective: To evaluate the knowledge, prevention and biosecurity practices on Brucellosis of workers exposed to risk in dairy herds of Caaguazú. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in a representative sample of livestock establishments in the Department of Caaguazú. From May to June 2017, 720 workers from 360 dairy farms were interviewed, using a structured questionnaire with closed questions. Information on the knowledge, prevention and biosecurity practices on brucellosis was obtained. Result: The median age of the workers was 34 years, 70% were men. 11.7% were illiterate and 62.1% only completed the primary. 90% worked as a tambero/milker. Sixty-four percent said they did not know about the disease, 73.6% did not know how the disease was acquired, 71.5% never received information about brucellosis. 73.3% had no knowledge of preventive practices. All consumed unpasteurized dairy byproducts, mainly Paraguayan cheese. Conclusion: There is a lack of knowledge of the disease and the way of transmission. Risk practices are frequent. It is necessary to implement education and awareness programs on brucellosis. Keywords: Brucellosis; knowledge; prevention practices; biosecurity;survey; human.

Guidelines for the management of human brucellosis in the State of Paraná, Brazil

Abstract Human brucellosis is a re-emerging disease with the potential for bioterrorism. The number of cases in Brazil has increased; however, the ideal management has not been established. These guidelines are intended for use by clinicians and other health-care workers providing medical care for patients with suspected brucellosis in the State of Paraná. We included a brief description of the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, prevention of exposure, prevention of disease by chemoprophylaxis, treatment of disease, monitoring of adverse effects during treatment, management of treatment failure and relapse cases.

Brucelosis, una zoonosis presente en la población: estudio de series de tiempo en México / Brucellosis, a zoonotic disease present in the population: A time series study in Mexico

Objetivo. Determinar el comportamiento de la incidencia de brucelosis humana en México durante el periodo 2000-2011 y su relación con la brucelosis en rumiantes domésticos. Material y métodos. En estudio ecológico de series de tiempo se analizaron, mediante regresión Poisson multinivel múltiple, la incidencia de brucelosis humanas durante 2000-2011 y la incidencia en rumiantes, y su relación con índice de desarrollo humano. Resultados. La alta incidencia de brucelosis bovina aumenta 15% la incidencia de brucelosis humana. La alta incidencia en caprinos aumenta 33% la incidencia de brucelosis humana. La presencia de casos nuevos de brucelosis ovina aumenta 13% la incidencia de brucelosis humana. Conclusiones. La brucelosis es un problema de salud pública; la presencia de la brucelosis en los rumiantes domésticos y el nivel de control de la enfermedad en ellos afecta la presencia de la enfermedad en humanos.

Objective. To determinate the relationship of human brucellosis incidence in Mexico during 2000-2011 in relation with domestic ruminant brucellosis. Materials and methods. An ecological time series study was analyzed using multilevel poisson multiple regression, the incidence of human brucellosis during 2000-2011 and incidence in ruminants and human development index. Results. The high incidence of bovine brucellosis increased 19% the incidence of human brucellosis. The high incidence of caprine brucellosis increase 17% the incidence of human brucellosis. The presence of new cases of ovine brucellosis increased 13% the incidence rates of human brucellosis. Conclusions. Brucellosis is a public health problem in Mexico, the presence of brucellosis in domestic ruminants and the level of disease control in them affects the presence of the disease in humans.

Detección de Brucella spp. por un sistema inmunocromatográfico comercial, en muestras ambientales cubanas / Detection of Brucella spp using a commercial system in enviroment cuban samples

Introducción: actualmente en Cuba se desconoce la circulación de las especies de Brucella en el medio ambiente, por la inexistencia de métodos de laboratorio que permitan su identificación. Objetivos: detectar Brucella spp. en muestras ambientales cubanas aplicando un sistema inmunocromatográfico comercial. Métodos: se estudiaron 59 muestras ambientales de una zona endémica de brucelosis bovina y 50 muestras ambientales de zonas controladas de la enfermedad, durante el período diciembre de 2011 y hasta febrero de 2012. Se utilizó el sistema inmunocromatográfico directo de flujo lateral para Brucella spp. comercializado en Cuba. Resultados: el 52,5 por ciento (31/59) de las muestras ambientales de la zona endémica resultaron positivas para Brucella spp. Las muestras ambientales que presentaron el mayor porcentaje de positividad fueron el estiércol (62,5 por ciento ) y las del suelo cementado (26,9 por ciento ). Predominaron las reacciones fuertemente positivas en un 74,1 por ciento (23/31). Conclusiones: el sistema inmunocromatográfico comercial detecta un elevado porcentaje de Brucella spp. en muestras ambientales de la zona endémica cubana, lo que pudiera avalar su implementación en la red de laboratorios de Salud Pública y del Instituto de Medicina Veterinaria de Cuba. Los resultados de esta investigación deben complementarse con los aislamientos de brucelas en el medio ambiente, pacientes humanos y en animales(AU)

Introduction: Information about the circulation of Brucella species in the Cuban environment is not currently available due to the lack of laboratory methods for their identification. Objectives: Detect Brucella spp. in Cuban environmental samples using a commercial immunochromatographic system. Methods: A study was conducted of 59 environmental samples from an endemic zone for bovine brucellosis and 50 environmental samples from areas where the disease has been controlled, from December 2011 to February 2012. Use was made of the direct lateral flow immunochromatographic system for Brucella spp. commercially available in Cuba. Results: Of the environmental samples from the endemic zone 52.5 percent (31/59) tested positive for Brucella spp. The environmental samples showing the highest positivity were those taken from dung (62.5 percent) and cemented soil (26.9 percent). Strongly positive reactions predominated in 74.1 percent (23/31) of the samples. Conclusions: The commercial immunochromatographic system used detected a high percentage of Brucella spp. in environmental samples from the endemic zone, which could justify its implementation in the Public Health laboratory network and the Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Cuba. The results obtained should be complemented with Brucella isolates from the environment, human patients and animals(AU)

Human brucellosis in Syria

The early warning surveillance system of the Ministry of Health [MoH] in Syria registered significant increase in number of human brucellosis cases in the country in recent time [mainly during the epidemiological week- 25; June 2013]

Importância das boas praticas de fabricação para o controle da brucelose, em trabalhadores de um matadouro-frigorífico / Importance of good manufacturing practices for the control of brucellosis in workers in a abattoirs

A brucelose é uma antropozoonose infecto-contagiosa que afeta principalmente bovinos, ovinos, caprinos, suínos, cães e o homem, e está associada a atividades profissionais, sendo de grande importância sob o ponto de vista da Saúde Pública e Vigilância Epidemiológica. Devido a sua relevância foi analisado o impacto das Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF) sobre as condenações de carcaças com lesões sugestivas de brucelose, em um matadouro frigorífico sob inspeção federal e sua importância na saúde dos trabalhadores.

Cloning and expression of Brucella cyclic beta-1, 2 glucan transporter gene [cgt]

Brucellosis is an important cosmopolitan infection disease caused by organisms belonging to the genus Brucella. The cgt gene [cyclic beta-1, 2 glucan transporter gene] is a virulent factor in Brucella genus. The present study was conducted with the aim of cloning and expression of Brucella cgt gene. Brucella melitensis cgt gene was amplified from extracted chromosomal DNA by PCR, then PCR product was cloned into pTZ57R and subcloned into pGEMEX-1 expression vector, then expressed in JM109 E. coli strain. Recombinant protein was confirmed by western blot analysis using patient's serum. The PCR product was cloned in pTZ57R plasmid via T/A cloning method. Recombinant plasmid was digested by Band HI and SacI restriction enzymes, the released band was purified and subcloned into pGEMEX-1 expression vector. Then, sample cells were lysed using lyses buffer and sonicated, then electrophoresed on SDS-PAGE. Protein bands were transferred on nitrocellulose membrane and reacted by patient's serum and detected by FIRP conjugated-anti human antibody. We cloned and expressed Brucella abortus cyclic beta-1, 2-glucan transporter gene [cgt] which is an important agent in brucellosis. Using cgt gene mutant may be an effective way for inhibiting or decreasing the pathogenicity of bacteria

Epidemiology and risk factors of brucellosis in Alexandria governorate

This study aimed to describe the trend and to identify possible risk factors for brucellosis in Alexandria in northern Egypt. We enrolled 72 confirmed cases of brucellosis and 144 age-matched controls in this study. Participants were interviewed at home using a structured questionnaire. Working with animals, breeding goats and eating ice cream bought from street vendors were significantly associated [P < 0.05] with brucellosis by univariate and multivariate analysis. Contact with infected animals and their products was the most important method of transmission

Risco de brucelose zoonótica associado a suínos de abate clandestino: notas e informaçöes / Zoonotic brucellosis risk associated with clandestine slaughtered porks: notes and information

Um total de 59 amostras de soros de suínos, procedentes de vários locais de abate clandestino, apresentaram ao "card test" e à soroaglutinação rápida anticorpos anti-Brucella e títulos de anticorpos sugestivos de infecção brucélica. Ações e medidas de vigilância sanitária são recomendadas para prevenir o risco potencial de infecção brucélica zoonótica

Estandarización de una prueba inmunoenzimática (ELISA) para la detección de inmumoglobulinas IgG contra especies de brucella / Estandarization of a immunoenzymatic (ELISA) to the detection of immunoglobulins IgG versus brucella of species

Desde siempre, en casi todo el mundo las zoonosis han representado un grave problema económico. Bastante significativas han sido las pérdidas que registran los productores, en especial los dedicados a la críade ganado. Igualmente importante, pero con menor atención, es la mantenida aparición de enfermedades adquiridas por el humano a través del manejo y consumo de productos derivados de animales enfermos. El caso control y la poca vigilancia que actualmente se realiza a este respecto, aunando al inmenso desconocimiento sobre estas antropozoonosis, han permitido la diseminación de las mismas. Es importante señalar, que el dignóstico presuntivo de estas infecciones se halla bastante limitado, debido a la existencia de escasos métodos o equipos que den resultados confiables y específicos. A raíz de esto, nos propusimos el desarrollo de una prueba inmunoenzimática (ELISA) capaz de detectar anticuerpos séricos para el diagnóstico de la infección por especies de brucella. Mediante la utilización de un antígeno salino extractable o BCSP (tabatabai 1984), pudimos estandarizar una prueba Elisa que nos permite detectar en forma específica inmunoglobulinas tipo G (IgG) anti-brucella. La brucelosis Humana se caracteriza por presentar sintomatología similar a otras entidades clínicas (López M. 1989). Al no ser detectada se vuelve crónica y produce lesiones irreversibles en el humano, mientras que si se detecta a tiempo; el tratamiento puede llevar a una cura total. La utilización de la presente prueba, acompañada de la evaluación clínica y epidemiológica de los pacientes; presenta una orientación más directa hacia la detección de la infección en el humano. Creemos que es necesario hacer mejoras a la misma, pero su aplicación actual suministrará una herramienta diagnóstica más eficaz y útil en el control y prevención de la brucelosis humana